During the Civil War, Congress created Medals of Honor to be awarded "to such noncommissioned officers and privates as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action, and other soldier-like qualities during the present insurrection."  The following year, the Medal of Honor was permanently extended to include members of all the Armed Services, including commissioned officers. 

According to the Congressional Medal of Honor Society:

"The Medal of Honor is the highest award for valor in action against an enemy force which can be bestowed upon an individual serving in the Armed Services of the United States. Generally presented ... by the President of the United States of America in the name of Congress, it is often called the Congressional Medal of Honor."